Meghan Reid Essays - The Awakening, Jazz Poetry,

Meghan Reid Educator Zimmerman Praises English December 1, 1998 Nature and the Human Soul: The Shackles of Freedom Langston Hughes and Kate Chopin use nature in a few measurements to exhibit the incredible battles and weights of human life. All through Kate Chopin's The Awakening and a few of Langston Hughes' sonnets, the general symbolism of the magnificence and intensity of nature shows the battles the characters stand up to, and their inevitable opportunity from those battles. Nature and opportunity exist together, and the characters in the long run figure out how to discover opportunity from the limits of society, oneself, lastly opportunity inside one's spirit. The utilization of nature for this reason acquires the characters and speakers Chopin's and Hughes' attempts to life, and the peruser feels the life and opportunity of those characters. Nature, in progress of Chopin and Hughes fills in as a ground-breaking image that speaks to the battle of the human spirit towards opportunity, the anguish of that battle, and the delight when that opportunity is at last reached. In The Awakening, the hero Edna Pontellier experiences a transformation. She lives in Creole society, a general public that limits sexuality, particularly for ladies of the time. Edna is limited by the bounds of a cold marriage, unfulfilled, despondent, and shut in like a confined flying creature. Throughout her mid year at Grand Isle she is gone up against with herself in her most genuine nature, and ends up cleared away by enthusiasm and love for somebody she can't have, Robert Lebrun. The symbolism of the sea at Grand Isle and its qualities represent a power calling her to go up against her inside battles, and discover opportunity. Chopin utilizes the symbolism of the sea to speak to the inborn power inside her spirit that is calling to her. ?The voice of the ocean is tempting; constant, murmuring, clamoring, mumbling, welcoming the spirit to meander for a spell in chasms of isolation; to lose itself in a labyrinth of internal thought.? (p.14) Through nature and its capacity, Edna , starts to discover opportunity in her spirit and afterward comes back to an actual existence in the city where dwell the contentions that encompass her. Edna experienced childhood with a Mississippi manor, where life was straightforward, upbeat, and quiet. The pictures of nature, which fill in as an image for opportunity of the spirit, show up when she talks about this presence. In the novel, she recalls a more straightforward life when she was a kid, inundated in nature and free: ?The hot breeze beating in my face made me think ? with no association that I can follow ? of a late spring day in Kentucky, of a knoll that appeared as large as the sea to the next to no young lady strolling through the grass, which was higher than her midsection. She tossed out her arms as though swimming when she strolled, beating the tall grass as one strikes out in the water.? (p.17) Chopin's reference to swimming happens ordinarily in the novel, and through the sea and her encounters swimming, she goes up against nature, however she difficulties and finds her actual self. The utilization of nature is particularly noteworthy as a memory in her adolescence since it denotes a period in her life when she was upbeat and free. This picture of swimming comes back to her when her spirit is starting to revive, at Grand Isle. When Edna at long last figures out how to swim, she winds up scared, alone, overpowered, and encompassed in an immense territory of water. Her experience swimming in the sea just because matches her disclosure and inundation in the genuine idea of her spirit: ?As she swam she was by all accounts connecting for the boundless in which to lose herself . . . A fast vision of death destroyed her spirit, and for a moment of time dismayed and enfeebled her sense.? (p.28) She is scared by her own self-disclosure ? however is delighted by it. It is this logical inconsistency and this encounter with nature that is achieves Edna's self-disclosure and transformation inside the novel. It is more than affection for Robert that drives her to be liberated from the limitations of this general public. Rather, it is her revelation of her own self that makes her disregard the limits of society. Edna's ?self-revelation? stirs her, and she can welcome

The History Behind Sociology

The History Behind Sociology Despite the fact that humanism has its underlying foundations in progress of scholars like Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius, it is a generally new scholastic control. It developed in the mid nineteenth century in light of the difficulties of innovation. Expanding portability and innovative advances brought about the expanding presentation of individuals to societies and social orders unique in relation to their own. The effect of this introduction was changed, yet for certain individuals, it incorporated the breakdown of customary standards and customs and justified a modified comprehension of how the world functions. Sociologists reacted to these progressions by attempting to comprehend what holds social gatherings together and furthermore to investigate potential answers for the breakdown of social solidarity. Masterminds of the Enlightenment time frame in the eighteenth century likewise helped set up for the sociologists who might follow. This period was the first run through in history that scholars attempted to give general clarifications of the social world. They had the option to separate themselves, at any rate on a basic level, from clarifying some current philosophy and to endeavor to set down general rules that clarified public activity. The Birth of Sociology as a Discipline The term human science was instituted by French rationalist Auguste Comte in 1838, who consequently is known as the â€Å"Father of Sociology.† Comte felt that science could be utilized to contemplate the social world. Similarly as there are testable realities with respect to gravity and other regular laws, Comte believed that logical investigations could likewise find the laws overseeing our public activities. It was in this setting Comte acquainted the idea of positivism with human science - an approach to comprehend the social world dependent on logical realities. He accepted that, with this new understanding, individuals could assemble a superior future. He imagined a procedure of social change in which sociologists assumed pivotal jobs in managing society. Different occasions of that timeframe additionally impacted the advancement of humanism. The nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years were seasons of numerous social changes and changes in the social request that intrigued the early sociologists. The political insurgencies clearing Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years prompted an attention on social change and the foundation of social request that despite everything concerns sociologists today. Numerous early sociologists were likewise worried about the Industrial Revolution and the ascent of private enterprise and communism. Also, the development of urban areas and strict changes were causing numerous progressions in people’s lives. Other traditional scholars of human science from the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years incorporate Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, W.E.B. DuBois, and Harriet Martineau. As pioneers in human science, the greater part of the early sociological masterminds were prepared in other scholarly trains, including history, theory, and financial matters. The decent variety of their preparation is reflected in the subjects they examined, including religion, instruction, financial matters, disparity, brain science, morals, reasoning, and philosophy. These pioneers of human science all had a dream of utilizing human science to point out social concerns and realize social change. In Europe, for instance, Karl Marx collaborated with well off industrialist Friedrich Engels to address class imbalance. Composing during the Industrial Revolution, when numerous processing plant proprietors were richly affluent and numerous assembly line laborers despairingly poor, they assaulted the widespread imbalances of the day and concentrated on the job of entrepreneur financial structures in sustaining these disparities. In Germany, Max Weber was dynamic in legislative issues while in France, Emile Durkheim supported for instructive change. In Britain, Harriet Martineau pushed for the privileges of young ladies and ladies, and in the U.S., W.E.B. DuBois concentrated on the issue of prejudice. The Modern History of Sociology The development of human science as a scholastic order in the United States matched with the foundation and overhauling of numerous colleges that were remembering another concentration for graduate offices and educational programs on â€Å"modern subjects.† In 1876, Yale University’s William Graham Sumner encouraged the main course recognized as â€Å"sociology† in the United States. The University of Chicago built up the main alumni branch of human science in the United States in 1892 and by 1910, most schools and colleges were offering social science courses. After thirty years, the greater part of these schools had built up humanism divisions. Human science was first instructed in quite a while in 1911. Human science was additionally developing in Germany and France during this period. In any case, in Europe, the order endured incredible misfortunes because of World Wars I and II. Numerous sociologists were murdered or fled Germany and France among 1933 and the finish of World War II. After World War II, sociologists came back to Germany affected by their examinations in America. The outcome was that American sociologists turned into the world heads in principle and research for a long time. Human science has developed into a differing and dynamic control, encountering an expansion of claim to fame territories. The American Sociological Association (ASA) was shaped in 1905 with 115 individuals. Before the finish of 2004, it had developed to right around 14,000 individuals and more than 40 â€Å"sections† covering explicit regions of intrigue. Numerous different nations additionally have enormous national human science associations. The International Sociological Association (ISA) flaunted in excess of 3,300 individuals in 2004 from 91 unique nations. The ISA supported research boards of trustees covering in excess of 50 unique territories of enthusiasm, covering points as various as kids, maturing, families, law, feelings, sexuality, religion, emotional wellness, harmony and war, and work. Sources About ASA. American Sociological Association, 2019. Rules of the International Sociological Association. Global Sociological Association.

What Are Shame and Guilt How Are They Different

What Are Shame and Guilt How Are They Different BPD Living With BPD Print Dealing With Shame When You Have BPD Understanding shame can be important for your health By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Updated on October 14, 2019 Gawrav Sinha/E/Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Shame is a powerful emotion that can cause people to feel defective, unacceptable, even damaged beyond repair. How much do you know about shame? You may sometimes confuse shame with guilt, a related but different emotion. When you feel shame, youre feeling that your whole self is wrong.When you feel guilty, youre making a judgment that something youve done is wrong. When you feel guilty about the wrong thing you did, you can take steps to make up for it and put it behind you. But feeling convinced that you are the thing thats wrong offers no clear-cut way to come back to feeling more positive about yourself. Thats one difference between shame and guilt: the way theyre defined. But the effect of shame and the behaviors it can cause are far more important for you to know about. How Shame Happens From the day you were born you were learning to feel that you were okay or not okay, accepted or not accepted, in your world. Your self-esteem was shaped by your daily experiences of being praised or criticized, lovingly disciplined or punished, taken care of or neglected. People who grow up in abusive environments can easily get the message that they are undeserving, inadequate, and inferior. In other words, that they should feel ashamed. Over time, intense feelings of shame can take hold of a persons self-image and create low self-esteem. Feelings of shame often stem from what other people think. The person may become super-sensitive to what feels like criticism, even if it isnt, and may feel rejected by others. Inside, he feels painful self-contempt and worthlessness. Evidence is increasing that serious problems can occur when shame gets deeply woven into a persons self-image and sense of self-worth. The Effects of Shame, Especially on People With BPD Someone who feels deep-seated shame and low self-esteem may not realize that its the motivation for many destructive behaviors, which can include substance abuse, eating disorders, road rage, domestic violence, and many other personal and social crises. People who experience traumatic events are also likely to feel shame, particularly if they blame themselves for what happened. In people with borderline personality disorder (BPD), deep-seated shame may account, in part, for their higher rates of suicidal behavior and self-injury. Shame also affects men differently from women. Its said that men with shame-based low self-esteem tend to act out, through anger and violent behavior toward others, and women to act in by turning their feelings inward and hating themselves. What Else Should I Know? Researchers studying the role of biology in the development of shame-based low self-esteem are focusing some of their attention on serotonin, a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) in the brain. They are exploring the possibility that low levels of serotonin may contribute to a persons inborn susceptibility to feeling ashamed.

Pay for Performance - 1697 Words

HR 434 Compensation Management 23 February 2012 Pay for Performance What better way to drive people to work harder and more efficiently, you may ask, than to offer them a special carrot: more money for hitting specific company targets? The idea seems perfect. Studies have shown time and again that pay represents one of the most important factors involved in retaining qualified employees, it is little wonder that there has been a great deal of attention focused on how best to compensate employees for their performance in recent years. Moreover, because employee performance and productivity is inextricably related to organizational profitability, these issues have assumed new relevance and importance in the current economic†¦show more content†¦For instance, Risher advises, â€Å"While it is effectively a universal practice for white-collar employees in non-government sectors, [pay-for-performance programs] represent a radical and difficult change for public agencies† (p.51). Likewise, Hyde advises that, â€Å"Pay f or performance has been proposed, debated, and dismissed for over fifty years in public personnel management. Although legal challenges have been filed, pay for performance emerges as the new model for federal human resources pay practice and the cornerstone of federal public management strategy† (p. 3). Nevertheless, beyond the legal challenges involved, there are a number of constraints to the implementation and execution of such initiatives that can make or break their success. This point is made by Kellough and Nigro who report that a pay-for-performance initiative in the State of Georgia known as â€Å"GeorgiaGain† has been viewed by many state employees as inherently unfair and wracked by favoritism despite the enormous amount of resources devoted to the program’s design and implementation (p. 447). Likewise, in his analysis of pay-for-performanceShow MoreRelatedPay for Performance Essay1858 Words   |  8 PagesPay for Performance Park University Overview Incentive pay, also known as pay for performance is generally given for specific performance results rather than simply for time worked. While incentives are not the answer to all personnel challenges, they can do much to increase worker performance. (Billikopf) Performance pay has various names: merit pay, pay for performance, knowledge-and-skill- based pay, or individual or group incentive pay. (Delisio) Pay for performance systems haveRead MoreBenefits Of Performance Related Pay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesthat performance related pay has been motivating employees who works in companies/organisations from small to big, hence the distribution of bonuses definitely need to be taken into account. A bonus is an extra compensation given to an employee above his/her normal wage. A bonus also could be used as a reward for accomplishing specific goals set by the company, or for devotion to the company. However Performance related pay methods has broaden up into different topics, Individual-performance pay andRead MoreThe Merits Of Teacher Performance Pay3187 Words   |  13 PagesTHE MERITS OF TEACHER PERFORMANCE PAY IN KENYA Introduction This paper discusses the merits of performance pay for teachers in Kenya. I argued here that remuneration reforms for civil service teachers will achieve production efficiency. This paper has three main sections. Section 1 gives a brief description of the scheme of service for teachers in Kenya. Section 2 highlights the economic case in favour of teacher salaries and identifies the government failures in ensuring teacher effectiveness.Read MoreWeek Five Assignment : Pay For Performance1218 Words   |  5 Pages Week Five Assignment: Pay for Performance Yadilka York American Public University System Professor Daniel Hladky Human Resource management- HRMT 407 September 4, 2016 â€Æ' ABSTRACT The debate encompassing legitimacy pay for instructors has existed for a considerable length of time in numerous nations over the globe. The level headed discussion has been especially warned in the United States. Since the 1920s, government funded schools started honoring pay generally as indicated by titleRead MoreBenefits And Disadvantages Of Performance Related Pay1808 Words   |  8 PagesQuestion 15: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of performance related pay. To what extent should it be a model of remuneration for employees across all pay scales? OUTLINE I. Introduction 1. General information 2. Thesis: Addressing two main parts II. Body 1. Advantages and disadvantages of performance related pay a. Advantages - Working as a motivator (e.g. sales personnel) - Improve workforce productivity - Attract and keep employees, especially high-quality workers (E.g. executives)Read MoreReward and Fairness Issues in Performance Related Pay2794 Words   |  12 Pages1. Introduction Performance related pay (PRP) is a financial rewarding system which is directly associated with the work accomplishment of employees. It seems that the basis of this process is cash or bonus payment: employees will be awarded cash or bonus when they achieve a greater performance. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the system of payment by performance was widely applied in both private and public sectors in many organizations in the United Kingdom. Brown and Armstrong (1999) claimedRead MoreWhat Are the Benefits and Problems of Performance-Related Pay Systems for Both Employees and Employers?2001 Words   |  9 PagesPerformance-related pay (PRP) grew during the 1980s and 1990s due to the decline in Payment by Results (PBR) schemes. PRP looked beyond traditional PBR incentives, they reward individual contributions based on performance rather than on effort. These incentive schemes can filter throughout an organisation to motivate manager’s right through to the manual worker s. This essay will try to outline the benefits and drawbacks of the PRP method for employers and employees using case study examplesRead MorePay for Performance1091 Words   |  5 Pagesincentive plans are â€Å"pay-for-performance† plans. They pay all employees based on the employee’s performance (Dessler). Compensation is a primary motivator for employees. People look for jobs that not only suit their creativity and talents, but compensate them both in terms of salary and other benefits accordingly. Compensation is also one of the fastest changing fields in Human Resources, as companies continue to investigate various ways of rewarding employees for performance. It is very importantRead MorePay For Performance And Employee Performance3267 Words   |  14 Pages1. Pay for performance is to link employees’ salary or salary increase to his or her performance. It seems to be a reasonable or attractive idea but it often does not work well in organizations. Please use at least 4 motivation theories or models to explain why pay for performance may not work as expected—particularly in government and nonprofit organizations. Pay for performance is a quite rational theory. According to the U.S. Merit System Protection Board (2006), â€Å"Pay for Performance refersRead MoreReimbursement and Pay-for-Performance1530 Words   |  7 PagesReimbursement and Pay-for-Performance HCS 531 November 11th, 2013 Regina Pointer Introduction There is a growing trend in the United States called pay-for-performance. Pay-for-performance is a system that is used where providers are compensated by payers for meeting certain pre-established measures for quality and efficiency (What is Pay-for-Performance, n.a.). We are going to be discussing what pay-for-performance is. There are different aspects of pay-for-performance which include; the effects

Overview and Challenges of Indian Gaming in San Diego

The history of Native American tribes is a long, complicated, and more often than not, a sad one. Today, thanks to efforts to help tribes preserve their identity, culture and numbers by means of reservations, many Native Americans not only survive, but also thrive. Indian gaming is one means that has been a source of great income and prosperity for Native American tribes in the San Diego region. Although the economic impact of gaming has been very positive, critics of legalizing and regulating such casinos have expressed concerns regarding potentially negative impacts. While Indian gaming in San Diego has positive impacts for the economy and upliftment of Indian tribes, negative impacts could relate to industry monopolization. According to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission Report (n.d.), large-scale Indian casino gambling had its origins in 1987. During this year, the Supreme Court found hat the state of California had no authority over gambling activities within Indian reservations. The Court also recognized the need for regulation, however, and Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (AGRA) in 1988. One of the provisions of the act requires that revenues from gambling be used for the economic development and welfare of Indian tribes in their region. This has been one of the primary advantages of Indian gaming in California in general and in San Diego specifically. This is evident in the Barona reservation, where gaming has had significant impactsShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesWisconsin–Oshkosh; Robert Key, University of Phoenix; Dennis Krumwiede, Idaho State University; Nicholas C. Petruzzi, University of Illinois–Urbana/Champaign; William R. Sherrard, San Diego State University; S. Narayan Bodapati, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville; Warren J. Boe, University of Iowa; Burton Dean, San Jose State University; Kwasi Amoako-Gyampah, University of North Carolina–Greensboro; Owen P. Hall, Pepperdine University; Bruce C. Hartman, University of Arizona; Richard IrvingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesSchool of Business at Dartmouth College, and a Visiting Professor of Financial Management at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. He also teaches at the new Rady Graduate School of Business at the University of California at San Diego, and at the F. W. Olin Graduate School of Management at Babson College, Boston. He has published twenty-one books, 109 articles, and more than 160 case studies on finance and accounting in his thirty-eight-year career. His work on strategic costRead MoreNokias Human Resources System144007 Words   |  577 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . History and Development of the Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Business Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organizational Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Property, Plants and Equipment

For Colored Girls Free Essays

For Colored Girls who have considered Suicide when the Rainbow is Enuf. Topic: For Colored Girls who have considered Suicide when the Rainbow is Enuf, is a book about women’s perspective on life and how they way view men, which have hurt them, mistreated them, and how they react and live on it I. All women feel at some point in their life its hard dealing with men, life and descrimation, but black women feel they have it hard than most. We will write a custom essay sample on For Colored Girls or any similar topic only for you Order Now II. Body A.Black women’s outlook on men and how they feel mistreated 1. Family a. Father b. Boyfriends c. Husbands 2. Black women always have always had problems with men, not just black men but all men, as they feel in the book. d. Not just black men but any man, hurt them as one has a father of a different ethnic. e. They also have to deal with the lies and abandonment. III. 3. The women in my book deal with growing up black in the 1960’s and 70’s. 4. The women in my book also deal with men treating them badly. 5.They also how they are to deal with the hard things in their life, wither its dancing or praying to God. 6. They also deal with rape. Conclusion. For Colored Girls who have considered Suicide when the Rainbow is Enuf, is a book about women’s perspective on life and how they way view men, which have hurt them, mistreated them, and how they react and live on it. And when they find God back into their lives they understand they didn’t have to go through all of that alone, but that they had God and they had each other. How to cite For Colored Girls, Papers

Robert Browning Essays - Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Robert Browning

Robert Browning Robert Browning, one of the most talented poets of the Victorian period, is famous especially for his dramatic monologues. Often these long poems deal with such issues as love, death, and faith. Much of his work is directly reflective of his life and of those issues that were of direct concern to him. One conflict seen throughout Browning's poetry is one of spirituality. His poetry forms a spiritual timeline; it reveals his spiritual influences and opinions. It formed his own Bible of beliefs which he possessed. Because Browning's views on spirituality changed, his poetry also gives insight on the internal conflicts within his life. The paper will explore Robert Browning's spiritual journey as is reflective in his poetry. Robert Browning was born in Camberwell, near London, England on May 7, 1812. He was raised by his father, also Robert Browning, and by his deeply religious mother, Sarah Anna Weideman-Browning. His often indulgent parents gave him the freedom to explore new literary and philosophical ideas of the time period, yet he was also instructed to believe the unexplained mysteries of the Christian faith(Miller, 1953). His mother, who had strong ties to the congregational church, took great time to instruct Robert in his religious studies. With this open atmosphere, however, Browning exhibited signs of disinterest in religion during his early childhood. The town preacher, in fact , found it necessary to publicly scold "for restlessness and inattention Master Robert Browning"(as cited in,Miller, 1953, p.9). Robert Browning's tendency toward skepticism was recorded early on. Robert Browning's first deviation from his faith was at the age of fifteen or sixteen. His primary influences were the Flower family and the writing of P.B Shelley. Browning often traveled to the Flower's house to discuss music, poetry, and aethism (Irvine & Honan, 1974). Eliza Flower , with whom Browning was infatuated was an influence in Browning's aethism. She was one of the primar y influences that turned Browning away from the Christianity of his mother. His other influence, the writing of Shelley, a known aethist, taught Browning to be an independent free thinker. After reading Shelley's book, Queen Mab , Browning became an aethist and a vegetarian(DeVane & Smalley, 1984). He rejected his mother's world to gain a sense of liberty and independence(Irvine & Honan, 1974). This faith change at such an early age seemed to lead to a continual spiritual inconsistency throughout his life. Browning had trouble accepting any faith or religion he chose to follow and often questioned his judgment in faith related decisions. Robert Browning considered Shelley to be moral because he was "true, simple hearted and brave"(cited in Payne, 1967, p.198). He found him to also be a man of religious mind because Shelley was "everywhere taking for granted some of the capital dogmas of Christianity, while most vehemently denying their historical basement" (cited in Payne, 1967, p.1 99). Browning clearly possessed a great respect for Shelley which followed him through much of his early poetry. Browning's life was "fundamentally affected"(Miller, 1953, p.9) by the Shelley's writing. During his adolescence, Browning may have recognized Shelley's, "fearless spiritual independence"(Miller, 1953, p.9). He noticed a "principal of conduct whereby to measure in the years to come not only the sum of his own poetic achievement but the very nature of human integrity itself"(Miller, 1953, p.9). Although there is no available poetry written before his first published work, Pauline, his early aethism is still reflected in his early poetry. Robert Browning eloped to Italy with Elizabeth Barret. Upon meeting his extremely religious wife and with her persuasion, Browning began to realize that Shelley's poetry had led him to a life of self- absorption. Yet, "Robert took a skeptical attitude on the spiritual rappings, spurred on perhaps by his wife's immediate will to believe"(Ma rkus,1995, p.219). Eventually, though, Robert Browning made the decision to return to his Christian faith, perhaps due to his respect for his deeply religious mother or to the persuasion by his spiritually inclined wife. It is said that Elizabeth, Browning's wife, believed that "spiritualism offered an alternative to melancholy: an assurance reinforcing faith"(Miller, 1953, p.192). Browning, however was often skeptical of his wife's spiritualism. Despite this, Pauline reveals a return to God, but also displays an