Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 936 Words

When the king is murdered the old man proclaims it as â€Å"unnatural,† comparing it to the killing of a falconer by an owl. Macbeth betrays his own humanity. He fights against his human senses that tell him to surrender the deadly plans at tries to twist his own inclination and to shy from his character to his new role as a culprit of underhandedness. In Act I, scene VII, pages 15-18 he says: â€Å" I am settled and bend up each corporal agent to this terrible feat./ Away, and mock the time with fairest show; False face must hide what the false heart doth know.† This shows the battle he faces to defeat his own particular humankind and rather changes into an instrument of wickedness. Toward the end of his life Macbeth mirrors that human life is: â€Å"†¦but a walking shadow; a poor player who struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.†(Shakespeare, V, V, p. 77) An essential part of humanism is that mankind can decide his or her destiny and not be managed by some outside power. We can see this in Julius Caesar, Act I, Scene 2 â€Å"Men at some time are masters of their fates: the fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The play is morally confusing play, which might just be Shakespeare’s point, that morality is a shifting battlefield. It is thought that this play is about loyalty, but loyalties seem to clash in Julius Caesar. Loyalty to leaders versus the loyalty to theShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Macbeth is written by William Shakespeare. It is believed to be written between 1603 and 1607 and set in eleventh century Scotland. It is also believed to be first performed in 1606. It is considered to be one of the darkest and most powerful tragedies. Macbeth, set in Scotland, dramatizes the psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen to fulfill the ambition of power. The Tragedy of Macbeth is Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy and tells the story of Macbeth, a ScottishRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1425 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Just Can’t Wait To Be King Everyone has a quality that they do not like about themselves. Some people struggle to be social, others may be too controlling of people. The list goes on and on, but the point is that everybody has a particular quality that they must learn to control or else that particular quality can get out of hand. Of course, one could write a list of characters that have major flaws. There is no better example than William Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, in The TragedyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1409 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.† On October 17th, I had the pleasure of going to see Macbeth performed at the Shakespeare Tavern. Along with its reputation for being â€Å"cursed,† Macbeth is also known as one of the crown jewels of William Shakespeare’s repertoire. In my opinion, the central concept of this particular retelling of the play was the murkiness of character. Throughout the pla y, the many characters go through fierce temptation and strife, and noneRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1203 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play based on King James I, it was written by William Shakespeare, however this play isn’t a king and queen fairy tale, but it’s a play about greed and guilt, chaos and murder and three evil witches who use prophecies to influence Macbeth to do bad things, using flattery would instigate his inner ambition to become king, which in the end doesn’t lead to a very happy ending. Shakespeare’s, Macbeth, was written in the early Jacobean period. During those times, women had no power, theyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior wel l-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniques used by Shakespeare is usedRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies, the murder of his best friend Banquo, and his own demise. Macbeth demonstrates that he is incapable of mastering the power and responsibilities of being a king. This is indicated throughout the play with theRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1045 Words   |  5 PagesBlood appears in only two forms, but many times in Macbeth by William Shakespeare; between the war scene at the beginning of the play and the lifting of Macbeth’s severed being lifted by Macduff at the end. It can be said that Macbeth could have been written in blood that there is such a large amount. What is unique about blood in Macbeth is that the â€Å"imaginary blood† or the guilt that the murderer feels plays more of a role of understand and amplifying the theme of the play, that blood is guiltRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1431 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth, though originally a valiant and prudent soldier, deteriorates into an unwise king whose rash decisions conclusively end in the atrophy of his title, power, and position. Several facto rs contribute to the downfall of Macbeth, which produce a contagion effect and ultimately end with his demise. He receives help from his â€Å"inner ambitions and external urgings† which result in his downfall (Bernad 49). The â€Å"external urgings† consist of the weird sisters who disclose his prophecies, which enlightenRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe oxford dictionary definition of guilt, 1, the fact of having committed a specified or implied offence or crime, 1.1, a feeling of having committed wrong or failed in obligation. In Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Macbeth, the titular character and his wife Lady Macbeth kill the King in order to become King and Queen themselves, this came with consequences which are still relevant in society today. The guilt they felt and the relevance to sleeplessness are common topics almost four hundred

Synopsis on Consumer Behaving Behaviour Free Essays

Consumer Buying Behaviour Introduction: Consumer buying behavior is the study of human responses to products or services and the marketing of products/services. The study of consumer behavior focuses on how individuals make their decisions to spend their available resources (time, money, effort) on consumption related itemsor consumption related aspects (What they buy? When they buy? How they buy? ). It also study of individuals, or organisations and the processes consumers use to search, select, use and dispose of products, services, experience, or ideas to satisfy needs and its impact on the consumer and society. We will write a custom essay sample on Synopsis on Consumer Behaving Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Buyer behaviour is deeply rooted in psychology with dashes of sociology thrown in just to make things more interesting. Since every person in the world is different, it is impossible to have simple rules that explain how buying decisions are made. But those who have spent many years analysing customer activity have presented us with useful â€Å"guidelines† in how someone decides whether or not to make a purchase. The evaluation of marketing concept from mere selling concept to consumerorientedmarketing has resulted in buyer behaviour becoming an independentdiscipline. The growth of consumerism and consumer legislation emphasizes theimportance that is given to the consumer. Some consumers are characterized as being more involved in products andshopping than others. A consumer who is highly involved with a product wouldbe interested in knowing a lot about it before purchasing. Hence he readsbrochures thoroughly, compares brands and models available at different outlets, asks questions, and looks for recommendations. Thus consumer buying behaviour can be defined as heightened state of awareness that motivates consumer’s to seek out, attend to, and think about product information prior to purchase. Company profile: The City of Chennai is the Citadel of South. This City is known for promotion of culture, tradition and industry. The House of Khivraj is well known in the Automobilein this Metro. The flag ship company of the Group is â€Å"KHIVRAJ MOTORS LTD â€Å". This Company was dealing in the vehicles manufactured by Hindustan Motors Ltd for 35 years. This company was also dealing in two and Three Wheelers of Bajaj Auto Ltd for four decades. Now, the company has taken Dealership for Maruti Vehicles. The Company is proud to have an independent Body shop with modern gadgets. The Company has diverted the Dealership for Bajaj Auto Ltd. ’s products to its sister concerns to have clear focus in its operations. These concerns have modern show rooms and operate speciality ideal workshops for two and Three Wheelers. The automobile turnover of the group has crossed billion rupees. The management of the Company vests with Shri AJIT KUMAR CHORDIA who is a young dynamic technocrat and administrator with admirable skills in different spheres and Shri BHARAT KUMAR CHORDIA a young administrator who is known for his acumen in several fields and managerial capacity. They are guided by the Company Chairman Shri NAVARATANMULL CHORDIA who is groomed by the Founder of the Company Late Shri KHIVRAJ CHORDIA. Statement of the Problem: †¢ Consumers are booking for a bike and at last they are not purchasing the bike. †¢ Availability of goods services at proper time. †¢ Comparing of dealership in terms of price and discount. Need for the Study: †¢ To understand the buying roles of the consumer †¢ To analyse the consumer’s decision making process. †¢ To know growing market segments of company for consumers To know what features or product design acceptable by consumer Objectives of Study: †¢ To understand the major factors influencing consumer behaviour. †¢ To Know and recognize the types of buying behaviour decision behaviour. †¢ To understand how consumers make purchasing decisions and respond to purchasing. †¢ To understand how marketers analyse consumer decision-making. Scope of the Study: †¢ To distinguish different consumer groups and to develop products that satisfies the needs. To understand how consumers make purchasing choices among products/services. †¢ To know how consumers will respond to different product features, prices, advertisement appeals. Research Methodology: Research methodology is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information (data) in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon about which we are concerned or interested. In other words research methodology is an endeavour to discover answers to intellectual and practical problems through the application of scientific method. Research Design: Survey research is the systematic gathering of information from respondents for the purpose of understanding and/or predicting some aspects of the behaviour ofthe population of interest. It is the most common method of collecting primarydata for marketing decisions. Survey can provide data on attitudes, feelings, beliefs, past and intended behaviour, knowledge, ownership, personal characteristics and other descriptive items. Survey research is concerned withadministration of questionnaires (interviewing). The survey research must beconcerned with sampling, questionnaire design, questionnaire administrationand data analysis. Sampling: Sampling is the process of selecting units (e. g. , people, organizations) from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen Sample size: The sample size of a statistical sample is the number of observations that constitute it. It is typically denoted n, a positive integer. Total 200 samples taken for analysis and interpretation. Data collection methods: For making analysis and interpreting the data; there are two methods have been used for collecting the data i. e. primary method and secondary method. Tool for data collection: Questionnaire (Sequence and layout) †¢ Primary Data: Questionnaire Method and interviewing method. †¢ Secondary Data: Marketing Management book and weekly journals. Chapter Scheme: Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Company Profile Chapter 3. Research Methodology Chapter 4. Analysis and Interpretation Chapter 5. Findings recommendations and Conclusion How to cite Synopsis on Consumer Behaving Behaviour, Essay examples

Security Enhancement in Tracking Area Update

Question: Write an essay on "improving the security techniques in 4G LTE". Answer: 1. Introduction: The emergence of LTE as the preferred communication technology in the global arena, shows that the issue of security is an immediate concern that the MNO (mobile network operators) need to focus (Abeta, 2010). Designers of the LTE network architecture always kept simplicity in mind that accepts the IP based new system with MME (mobile management entity) and Serving gateway as the indispensable elements. This new system however, needs the security design as its protocols including authentication process, session management which is the key to the LTE adoption success at commercial level. The LTE system consists of the location status update and paging which is composed of Tracking areas TA in Tracking area list TAL (Bikos Sklavos, 2013). It is widely known fact that each of the MNO has implemented its own security system and mostly are using DoS (denial of service) attack detection technologies. The issue hence is to evaluate the TAU (Tracking area update) analysis that is integral t o the LTE operations process is of emerging importance to the MNO firms that should be able to protect the service gateway. In an evolutionary note, each of the LTE networks need to try to design the security mapping that addresses the broader technical and stakeholder requirements (Astely et al., 2013). The LTE system assigns the security element to the TA but the security system at each phase in the total architecture thwarts the intrusion which largely a gap. The emergence of the technology in the mobile communication which lacks in the security features therefore needs the security to be enhanced in order to TAU method in the networks supporting LTE to be robust and failsafe (Cao et al. 2014). It will hence be a long term solution and preferred platform or else the LTE technology will lose the commercial viability with an abrupt end in the adoption cycle by users and also by MNO. 1.1 Research aim: To find out the security enhancement in Tracking Area Update(TAU) procedure in LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks 1.2 Resesrach objectives: To understand the LTE network architecture and working mechanism To evaluate the security structure and TAU To find out the best practices of security enhancement system from global cases To propose the evolutionary security enhancement in TAU for evolution in the LTE networks 1.3 Research questions: Question 1: What is the structure of LTE network and its working mechanism? Question 2: How does the security in TAU work and affect whole system? Question 3: What are the security best practices that can aid enhancements? Question 4: How can best practices be applied in TAU to make LTE failsafe? 2. Literature review: In order to understand the criticalities, the literature review will outline the past research and the concepts which will shape the discussion. The current research will be carried out in the arena of LTE which is an emerging mobile technology platform in the world. However there issues of security are plaguing the lifecycle of the technology platform and hence it calls for the developers to take a note on that. The LTE architecture has the MME which is the control plane entity and supports the TA list management (Abdul Basit, 2009). The Tracking Area TA, is referred to the limits within which the user of LTE can access the network without notifying the MME (Piro et al. 2011). The TAL or tracking area list is what the UE gets from a mobile cell in the form of TAI or tracking area identity. The element TAU tracking area update hence can inform the EPC (evolved packet core) for all the registered UEs in the connected state (Purkhiabani Salahi, 2011). The TAU procedure, as it is defined, gets the triggers. The UE initiates it by sending a TAU request to the eNoDeB that carries the RRC parameters for the rebalancing of load. The eNoDeB derives MME in the selected network, where UE shows that TAU procedure is active and triggered by load rebalancing (Purkhiabani et al. 2011). The new MME that receives the GUTI from UE usually sends a context request to get the user information. UE validates that new MME has validated the integrity protection of TAU message. If the context request send then the old MME usually responds with the message, so the integrity of TAU request message is checked, which in case does not match then fails the authentication. However, MME either skips authentication or accepts it to continue TAU procedure, while when UE (emergency and non emergency) services fails, MME continues the TAU procedure with deactivation of PDN connection. MME can change to a new MME and relocate to SGW, and serve a new SGW. It also ver ifies the EPS bearer status from UE in relation to other bearer context, while SGW informs PGW in relation to the new change that is updated (Razavi et al. 2014). This returns a modified bearer response MSISDN to route the PDUs to the PDW. It in the eNoDeB that creates a session response for the new MME that verifies if it holds data for the UE or by the IMSI of the context data from old node. MME sends an update location request to HSS, and the SGSN registration is not cancelled. If the EPS bearers of UE has an emergency value then new MME skips updation of location process. HSS sends cancel location (IMSI) to old MME. If the CSG ID has expired, MME sends a tracking area update reject message to UE (Roy et al. 2012). There are many conditions through which the TAU procedures can be triggered and most commonly when the UE detects its presence in a new area, that is registered with the MNO network, or when TA has expired over time (Khandekar et al. 2010). The first issue where the UE enters the new TA which does not have the list of TAIs that is registered with UE is a known issue. The security issues as per the signalling procedures show that the there is an integrity check when the context request message is there. There is evidence that LTE system architecture assumes itself as a default initiator, so for the illegal third party users attacking MME is easy as it does not have any protection protocol (Chung, 2011). Thus, the TAU methods which is dependent on the MME completely does not have enough strong safety mechanism in terms of vulnerability from the external attacks. The overloading of the serving gateway happens when the MME gets the context of multiple users and it send the create bearer request to the serving gateway. The overloading happens when the UE switches to the new TA has exceptions to it (Lei et al. 2012). MME even after authentication procedure from UE, send a large number of create bearer request on real time. The phone which has programmable features can connect and trigger, the TAU requests which are send to new serving gateway from the eNodeB. The third situation is when the users send TAU requests to validate the users. The MME is housed in a safe network which is insufficient to ward off the third party intrusions when there is falsifying of user validation (Doppler et al. 2009). The enhancement of security hence seeks an architecture which is capable of recognising the problem earlier discussed. The incapability of recognising the mobile phone is a concern and hence an unique code like IMSI name and number in a TAU message can be useful (Liou et al. 2013). The change in the configuration is a necessary step that will ideally seek to gather information about the best practices of security in the mobile telecommunication s platform. Most importantly, the issue of serving gateway overload is a issue that needs introspection. The TAU procedures needs attention as the TAU request message that leads to MME working improperly ideally needs check as it causes create bearer request in the system. The ability to falsify information like number of users, also triggers of TAU procedures needs a check (Purkhiabani Salahi, 2011). The new security either needs the time based security protocols, or design identity responsive system which will eliminate the false phone user s in the network. The discarding of the packet of information by the Serving gateway can be strengthened by alternate technologies that support to identify the user (Ewe Bakker, 2011). The current LTE structure does not allow which shows gap in the security mechanism as third parties are able to fake the user identity to stay in the network and intrude the platform. This gap in the security has the opportunity to seek a solution that fills in the gaps in the existing system. The intrusion instances will be studied from the real time data and frequencies will be maintained and can lead to the trends which can be opportunities to find security enhancements. In this research the new security solution will be a new phenomenon which will be a study of the existing trends. 3. Research Methodology The current research will be carried out using an exploratory investigation as existing research on the chosen topic is inadequate. Exploratory research will be supported by qualitative data collection, mainly collected from secondary sources and analysed using case study design. Hence, the inductive method of theory/knowledge building will be feasible while understanding the security enhancement in TAU procedure in LTE networks. The researcher will follow a interpretivism philosophy which will help to carry out subjective research, instead of statistical analysis or mathematical calculations. Each of the research elements chosen in the methodology is discussed below with appropriate justification for making such choices 3.1 Exploratory research Denzin and Lincoln (2011) explained that exploratory research is usually followed when the actual research problem is not clearly defined and further studies are necessary to understand the nature of problems. It mainly emphasises on understanding the what of the problems by focusing on elaborate theories, explanations, perceptions and emotions shared by the research subjects. Using exploratory investigation, offers flexibility to carry out research using an informal approach rather than chasing already identified research problems, or testing hypothesis. Through exploratory research, what is the mechanism of security enhancement in TAU procedure in LTE networks will be identified and presented. 3.2 Interpretivism Interpretivism is a branch of epistemology that supports exploratory research and thematic analysis of subjective data obtained through qualitative data collection (Saunders et al. 2009). It opposes the positivist philosophy of quantitative research, scientific data testing and arriving at objective outcomes. Interpretivism is found suitable because the current study requires elaborate understanding on security enhancement in TAU and related concepts that is possible through qualitative research. The scope for scientific/statistical data testing is limited in this research, as the trend analysis to find the gaps in security lapses and reasons will be tabulated. 3.3 Inductive approach Inductive approach, as a theory building process starts with the observation of a phenomena, collection of elaborate data (usually qualitative research), studying the data patterns, formulating tentative hypothesis, and finally developing new knowledge base (Saunders et al. 2009). Deductive approach follows an opposite pattern, and tests already existing theories/concepts using quantitative approach. Inductive approach will be suitable because it will help to understand the procedures followed in security enhancement in TAU by studying existing research that already exists. Moreover, inductive research also aligns with the exploratory investigation, interpretivism and qualitative data collection to arrive at new concepts. 3.4 Qualitative data collection Qualitative research emphasises on discovering understanding experiences, thoughts and perspectives of human subjects either through interaction or stories already published. Qualitative research helps to maximise objectivity and generalisibility of the findings using extensive analysis of subjective information (Denzin and Lincoln, 2011). Qualitative research will help to understand the and interpret the opinion already put forward by experts dealing with security enhancement in TAU in long term evolution (LTE) networks in the information technology field. By interpreting already published data through secondary research such as case studies, thematic analysis can be carried out in order to clearly identify the problem and develop a conceptual framework. Quantitative research will not be suitable because it focuses more on statistical (quantitative) data testing to resolve a clearly identified problem. Quantitative research also aligns with positivism, deductive approach, and usually descriptive investigation that will not be suitable to understand the mechanisms used for security enhancement in TAU procedures in LTE networks. Qualitative data can be collected using interviews, focus group, action research (primary research) and case studies (mainly secondary research) depending on the feasibility, timelines, and complexity involved in the chosen topic. However, in the current research, the use of case studies will be followed to collect qualitative data from already published journals, articles, reports, research papers, and discourses relating to the IT subject. 3.5 Case studies Yin (2009) explains that the use of case study, when integrated with exploratory research, is made to investigate what questions. Case study will help to maintain flexibility by going through diverse research materials already published on security enhancement in TAU procedure in LTE network. By going through published materials, the researcher will be able to understand the complex issues, and focus on details contextual analysis relating to existing events or situation. It will also help to carry out an empirical enquiry that will help to investigate the chosen phenomena within real life context (Yin, 2009). The following will be the steps to carry out case study research using qualitative data collection Determine/define the research question Select appropriate cases to determine data collection and techniques for analysis Make preparation for data collection Data collection (mainly empirical) Analysis and evaluation of data Preparation of the report The creation of an enhanced security system hence will be closely related to the PLC (product life cycle curve) that will test the robustness of security in the LTE framework. References Abdul Basit, S., 2009. Dimensioning of LTE Network Description of Models and Tool, Coverage and Capacity Estimation of 3GPP Long Term Evolution radio interface. Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering, MsC. Abeta, S., 2010. Toward LTE commercial launch and future plan for LTE enhancements (LTE-Advanced). Association, G. mobile S., 2014. Astely, D. et al., 2013. LTE release 12 and beyond. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(7), pp.154160. Bikos, a Sklavos, N., 2013. LTE/SAE security issues on 4G wireless networks. SP, vol. 11, n(March-April 2013), pp.pp. Cao, J. et al., 2014. A survey on security aspects for LTE and LTE-A networks. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 16(1), pp.283302. Chung, Y.W., 2011. Adaptive design of tracking area list in LTE. In 8th IEEE and IFIP International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks, WOCN2011. Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S. (2011) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Page 271, 4th ed. London: Sage Publications. Doppler, K. et al., 2009. Device-to-device communication as an underlay to LTE-advanced networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 47(12), pp.4249. Ewe, L. Bakker, H., 2011. Base station distributed handover optimization in LTE self-organizing networks. In IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC. pp. 243247. Khandekar, A. et al., 2010. LTE-advanced: Heterogeneous networks. In 2010 European Wireless Conference, EW 2010. pp. 978982. Lei, L. et al., 2012. Operator controlled device-to-device communications in LTE-advanced networks. IEEE Wireless Communications, 19(3), pp.96104. Liou, R.H., Lin, Y.B. Tsai, S.C., 2013. An investigation on LTE Mobility management. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 12(1), pp.166176. Piro, G. et al., 2011. Simulating LTE cellular systems: An open-source framework. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 60(2), pp.498513. Purkhiabani, M. Salahi, A., 2011. Enhanced authentication and key agreement procedure of next generation evolved mobile networks. In 2011 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Communication Software and Networks, ICCSN 2011. pp. 557563. Purkhiabani, M. Salahi, A., 2011. Enhanced authentication and key agreement procedure of next generation evolved mobile networks. In 2011 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Communication Software and Networks, ICCSN 2011. pp. 557563. Purkhiabani, M., Salahi, A. Nejati, M., 2011. Analysis of authentication traffic in next generation 3GPP LTE networks. In 7th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, WiCOM 2011. Razavi, S.M. Yuan, D., 2014. Reducing signaling overhead by overlapping tracking area list in LTE. In 2014 7th IFIP Wireless and Mobile Networking Conference, WMNC 2014. Roy, a., Shin, J. Saxena, N., 2012. Entropy-based location management in long-term evolution cellular systems. IET Communications, 6(2), p.138. Saunders, M. N., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009) Research methods for business students, Page 52, 5th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: design and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mba Essay Editing Service Reviews free essay sample

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Book Banning essays

Book Banning essays Many parents believe that banning of books only affects the learning of their students when in fact, banning of books affects the learning of other students as well. There are a lot of parents who believe that what students read about in class may not be appropriate because of its content. When a parent tries to interfere with his/her childs right to read, I think it affects that student as well as other students, which I feel becomes censorship. Censorship has become a major problem in many schools throughout the United States. In the 14th annual report Attacks on the Freedom to Learn published by People for the American Way, there is an annual survey of censorship, and also attempted censorship, in national public schools that has statistics on the number of books being banned. For the 1993-1994 school year, the survey reported there were 462 challenges to curriculum and texts, which is the most in the 12 years the report has been published. One hundred fifty-seven of those challenges against curriculum and texts were successful (Gartner A13). One of the most controversial books, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, written by Mark Twain, is a good example of a book that was challenged in 1994. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a classic American story that contains many valuable lessons. An editorial in USA Today discussed that Huck Finn believed it was a sin to help a runaway slave, but his conscience made him feel otherwise. Huck would rather risk eternal torment, than betray his black friend and companion, Jim (Poor Huck A23). Even though this story is about race during the period it was written, one of the main reasons that critics attacked this book was because of the frequent use of the word nigger. The word nigger is merely an indication of the period when the book was written. As discussed in Poor Huck, His Critics Just wont Listen to Him, Mark Twain wro ...

African American Civil Rights Short Essay

A century of slavery and half a century of Jim Crows segregation laws, the African American people were finally victorious when the civil rights act of 1964 and the Voting Rights act of 1965 were passed. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities and women. Congress finally asserted their authority to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8). Their duty is to guarantee all citizens equal protection including African Americans under the laws of the Fourteenth Amendment. Also the fourteenth Amendment protects voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibits the government from denying any citizen the ability, or right to vote based on race or color. For so long African Americans have been held back due to slavery and Jim Crow laws. After Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) racial segregation was necessary in all public facilities under the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal†. The fact of the matter is that whites and blacks were never equal, just separate. Jim Crow laws were adopted throughout the south to alienate black citizens and physically separate African Americans and whites. These laws institutionalized segregation of African Americans and whites and did not allow access use of the same schools, hospitals, prisons, public parks, housing communities, and even restrooms. Lets remember these facilities were completely unequal. The white facilities were obviously more luxurious in every way, and throughout the whole country it was obvious that in no section blacks were treated equal. The most important goal of these laws was to keep blacks from voting. Whites realized that once blacks were able to vote freely they truly were equal to every citizen. The best way they kept blacks from voting was through literacy tests. Through all the efforts whites were putting to keep blacks from voting they have been successful allowing less than 10% of blacks voting in the south in 1910. These segregation laws stayed until Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which overturned the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson. The decision stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. It was realized after this that racial segregation was ruled a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision paved the way for integration in the south and throughout the United States and was a major win in the civil rights movement. Blacks were most successfully when they were organized. The organized bus boycott, sit-ins, freedom rides, and march on Washington brought national attention to the war on civil rights. Martin Luther King Jr. led these events; his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is world famous now due to the significance of the civil rights movement. These demonstrations were pivotal for the African American community in declaring their liberty. Finally when the Civil rights Act of 1964 passed along with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, discrimination because of race was outlawed and any color human being could vote. Blacks were finally free and were the true winners of the civil rights movement 1950s and 1960s. They were finally equal and there rights were fully instilled. (Sources: The Logic of American Politics) African American Civil Rights Short Essay A century of slavery and half a century of Jim Crows segregation laws, the African American people were finally victorious when the civil rights act of 1964 and the Voting Rights act of 1965 were passed. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities and women. Congress finally asserted their authority to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8). Their duty is to guarantee all citizens equal protection including African Americans under the laws of the Fourteenth Amendment. Also the fourteenth Amendment protects voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibits the government from denying any citizen the ability, or right to vote based on race or color. For so long African Americans have been held back due to slavery and Jim Crow laws. After Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) racial segregation was necessary in all public facilities under the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal†. The fact of the matter is that whites and blacks were never equal, just separate. Jim Crow laws were adopted throughout the south to alienate black citizens and physically separate African Americans and whites. These laws institutionalized segregation of African Americans and whites and did not allow access use of the same schools, hospitals, prisons, public parks, housing communities, and even restrooms. Lets remember these facilities were completely unequal. The white facilities were obviously more luxurious in every way, and throughout the whole country it was obvious that in no section blacks were treated equal. The most important goal of these laws was to keep blacks from voting. Whites realized that once blacks were able to vote freely they truly were equal to every citizen. The best way they kept blacks from voting was through literacy tests. Through all the efforts whites were putting to keep blacks from voting they have been successful allowing less than 10% of blacks voting in the south in 1910. These segregation laws stayed until Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which overturned the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson. The decision stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. It was realized after this that racial segregation was ruled a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision paved the way for integration in the south and throughout the United States and was a major win in the civil rights movement. Blacks were most successfully when they were organized. The organized bus boycott, sit-ins, freedom rides, and march on Washington brought national attention to the war on civil rights. Martin Luther King Jr. led these events; his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is world famous now due to the significance of the civil rights movement. These demonstrations were pivotal for the African American community in declaring their liberty. Finally when the Civil rights Act of 1964 passed along with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, discrimination because of race was outlawed and any color human being could vote. Blacks were finally free and were the true winners of the civil rights movement 1950s and 1960s. They were finally equal and there rights were fully instilled. (Sources: The Logic of American Politics)

Strategies for Prevention of Childhood obesity Essay

Strategies for Prevention of Childhood obesity - Essay Example Even though the major participants involved in the research were children with various cases and issues of obesity, the evaluation is going to be conducted using parents of children as the major respondents to the evaluation tool to be designed. The idea behind this is that the parents are in a better position to produce written answers to questions than the children. Moreover, most of the interventions that were designed were to be applied by the parents rather than the children since the children are constantly under the care of their parents (Harper, 2006). To this end, the parents are seen to be in a better position to feeding the researcher with critical data and information that borders on the health of their children. This notwithstanding, the children will not be excluded all together. This is because the researcher would need their involvement when it comes to quantitative data collection such as the measurement of their body mass index.Evaluation Data Collection Process The evaluation data collection is going to take place in two phases. First will be the collection of quantitative data including the measurement of the height, the weight and age of participants, who in this case will be the children. This will be followed by the distribution of questionnaire to the parents of the children. The question shall contain questions divided along three major lines as indicated in the methods in the table above will have to be submitted to the researcher.... To this end, the parents are seen to be in a better position to feeding the researcher with critical data and information that borders on the health of their children. This notwithstanding, the children will not be excluded all together. This is because the researcher would need their involvement when it comes to quantitative data collection such as the measurement of their body mass index. Evaluation Data Collection Process The evaluation data collection is going to take place in two phases. First will be the collection of quantitative data including the measurement of the height, weight and age of participants, who in this case will be the children. This will be followed by the distribution of questionnaire to the parents of the children. The question shall contain questions divided along three major lines as indicated in the methods in the table above. Ahead of the distribution of the questionnaire to the respondents, the researcher shall have a mini-conference with the respondent s to clearly define their role in the evaluation exercise, as well as address any issues that are unclear to them. With the consent of all respondents, a date shall be set when the completed questionnaire will have to be submitted to the researcher. Evaluation Data Analysis Plan On the first method which has to do with the adherence to specified eating pattern, questions will be asked based on the intervention, which defined a definitive dietary matrix or guide for the children. Parents will be asked to give a qualitative evaluation of how best they have stake to the plan by answering questions in a 4 likert scale namely â€Å"very often, often, not often,

THE_MEDIA_DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE_MEDIA_DB - Essay Example In democracy, people have the freedom to profess what they believe. There is freedom of speech and expression. The American declaration of independence, the French declaration of the rights of man etc. have emphasised the importance of freedom. Freedom is essential for the all round development and personality of the individual. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights also emphasised the importance of freedom. All democratic constitutions of the word provide freedom to the people. So, there is no doubt that freedom is essential and most popular struggles have been for freedom. Now the question is to what extent freedom is permissible? Is complete freedom desirable? If freedom is to be restricted, who has the power to do so? It is an accepted view that freedom is to be restricted in such a way that one’s exercise of freedom should not affect exercise of similar freedom by other individuals and should not take away the rights of other individuals. The issues mentioned above ar e relevant to internet freedom also. Virtual space has become a reality. Internet has penetrated to every part of the world. It is the era of e-governance and e -commerce. People spent more time at internet than before. Information, political or otherwise is acceble to all. Social networking sites are growing and corporate sector is also making use of the facilities associated with internet. The internet provides opportunity for people to relate with anybody in any part of the world. It is easy to spread ideas and form groups. So, there is reason to believe that internet promotes freedom and democracy. With the help of internet, administration has become more transparent. Political parties and candidates conduct election campaigns using internet. In a recent university address titled â€Å"Internet Rights and Wrongs: Choices and Challenges in a Networked World,† Secretary of State Hillary Clinton berated authoritarian regimes and praised the people of Tunisia and Egypt for us ing digital tools to organise democratic protests (On real Internet Freedom). In that address Mrs. Clinton underscored high opportunity cost for countries which filter or shut down the Internet (On real Internet Freedom). She praised twitter for helping frustrated citizens of the Arab world. It can be said that discontent in Tunisia exploded in public anger when Wiki Leaks published the cables on the U.S. ambassador's assessment of corruption by President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali (On real Internet Freedom). The Tunisian uprising was triggered by the revelations of wiki leaks and internet. In the era of wiki leaks, publishing secrets is a major danger of unchecked internet. The judicial position on the Pentagon Papers on Vietnam, refusing to grant prior restraint on publication of classified documents, serves as a clear guide for internet freedom (On real Internet Freedom). While acknowledging the fact that internet freedom is important, unchecked internet freedom pause certain danger s to the political world. One such danger is related to secrecy. It is natural that every individual, organisation and state has some secret things which it wants to keep private and do not like to disclose. In the interest of national interest, a state has a right to keep certain things secret. It may be a part of the strategy. Disclosing such things might hamper national security. Internet facilitates publication of such documents as evidence by wiki Leaks. But this is not a reason shut down internet

Question Behind the Question Essay Example for Free

Question Behind the Question Essay QBQ BY john G. Miller IQ- Incorrect questions These are the questions that often pop into our minds first and tend to be negative. They point fingers and are not helpful in resolving problems. Who dropped the ball? Why didnt they take core of that? QBQ- Better, more accountable questions. These are the questions that are often behind the IQs. You may have to really think to get these questions to the fore front of your mind. What can I do to make sure you can get that done next time? How can I support the team better? how can I adapt better? How can I better understand the situation? What solution can I provide? What can I do to get more information to make a better decision? QBQs should begin with what or how. They should contain l. They should also focus on action. When we are in the middle of a situation, we need to not be a victim. Things are always going to happen at work and in our personal lives. If we allow ourselves to become victims then we wont be able to come up with good solutions. Stress is a choice, contrary to popular belief. Stress is a result of our actions. we can choose how we react to the things going on around us. We can to choose to be positive and make decisions to make the situation better or choose to let the situation take control and stress us out. When questions lead to procrastination on the individuals part. When we are waiting on someone else to do something, we are then becoming inactive ourselves. Along with this who questions lead to blame. We must first ask the questions about what we should have done to make the who go away. People are always talking about succeeding outside the box Lets work on succeeding inside the box! Lets not focus on having more people, more money or more time. How about hitting target and goals with what we have and making the most of the situation. Another syndrome is the we/they syndrome. This is where groups, departments, regions, stores or different day parts point the fingers about their issues at other people instead of taking the accountability themselves. There are always barriers out of our control must work to become so good that we can overcome those barriers. Ownership- A commitment of the head, heart and the hands to fix the problem and never affix blame! Each person on a team is different. A great team will learn to identify the strengths of each person, capitalize on them and appreciate them. Personal accountability begins with ME! Leading by example- Being what I am by acting according to my word. Believe or leave- If you are not on the boat with your whole hear t, maybe you should not be on the boat. QBQ Serenity Prayer- God grant me the serenity to accept the people that I can not change, the courage to change the one that I can and the wisdom to know i ME! *Action, even when it leads to mistakes, brings learning and gr inaction brings stagnation and atrophy. *Action leads towards solutions. Inaction holds us in the past. *Action builds confidence; inaction doubt. Humility in the cornerstone of leadership. As a leader, Im here to help the individuals on my team reach their goals and full potential. How can I help YOU?

Gendered Ideals of Body Form Essay -- Gender Studies

Gendered bodies in the West are bodies of contrasts. A masculine, sharp, inverted triangular body is contrasted to the feminine, soft, hourglass shape. Humans, throughout history, have resorted to drastic measures to meet and exemplify gendered ideals of body form. One such measure that has been in place since the Victoria era is the wearing of corsets. In attempting this research, I thought that wearing a corset would provide an insight into the ways feminine bodily ideals are appropriated by women in a Western context. Putting on the corset proved to be a challenge; only with the assistance of my roommate could I put it on. She laced the back up to as tight as it went and I wore it underneath my normal daily clothes. My first thought when wearing it was that it felt like a hug, when your body is encapsulated within something; it was quite pleasant and had an almost motherly feeling about it. As soon as I wore it, I immediately realized that I had to learn to control my breathing be cause the corset would feel extremely tight every time I exhaled. Travelling in the car and on the train proved to be a challenge because the corset forced my body to arch my back and sit up straight, which is not the way I normally sit. When I slouched or moved in a way that the corset did not allow, it would dig into my stomach and ribs in a painful way. While walking, I realized that I was pushing my chest out and standing very straight. This made me feel like I was embodying the typical ‘empowered woman’ image that shows a woman as sexy, confidently striding along an urban landscape, independent and beautiful. However, as the day went on, the uncomfortable sweatiness that it brought me made me loath wearing it. Coming home, I took it off and wonder... ...er and Power at a Treatment Center. London: Duke University Press. Riordan, G. (2007). The Corset Douglas, M. (1966). External Boundaries. In Purity and Danger. (pp. 140-159). New York City: Routledge Classics . Savacool, J. (2009). The World Has Curves: The Global Quest for the Perfect Body. New York City: Rodale Books. Steele, V. (1985). Fashion and Eroticism. New York City: Oxford University Press. Turner, B. S. (1996). The Body and Society. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Controversy: Author(is)ing the Subject in/ of Tight-lacing.Social Semiotics, 17(3). Urla, J., & Swedlund, A. C. (1995). The Anthropometry of Barbie: unsettling ideals of the feminine body in popular culture. In J. Terry & J. Urla (Eds.). Deviant Bodies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Wolf, N. (1991). The Beauty Myth. New York City: William Morrow and Company Inc..

Organizational Development Essay

1. What are the significant differences between action research, appreciative inquiry, future search and whole systems intervention? Under which conditions are each MOST appropriate? According to the definition, action research is a procedure which is connected with carrying out practical knowledge. Action research has a goal of combining such components as action and reflection, theory and practice, in order to obtain certain results in the situation of change. This approach is the most appropriate when companies face changes which do not require major actions. Appreciative inquiry primarily deals with explaining people the benefits of the process, discussing its main positive features, focusing on positive experience. It includes looking for answers to the questions regarding the potential of the organization can be realized to the fullest. Generally, it is a method which deals with affirmative action and visions of the possible solutions of various problems. This approach is the most appropriate for organizations which face change in major areas of their activity. Future search is a planned type of visioning process which has a goal of creating a vision of the future. To some extent, it consists of a new way of involving groups of shareholders in strategic planning for companies in which they own stock. Future search applies different methods to make shareholders explore past and future, as well as identify the goals for the future. It’s the most appropriate for situations when the company has to change strategic objects. Whole system intervention stands for actions taken in order to achieve the changes not in the certain divisions of organizations but in the whole system. This approach is the most efficient in situations when organizations face changes in their general strategy, and want to expand into new markets. 2. Compare and contrast the differences between traditional action research methodologies and appreciative inquiry. Under which circumstances are each MORE appropriate. The main difference between traditional action research and appreciative inquiry is that they have different methodic. In traditional action research, the approach includes isolating the problem from the system, investigating it, and offering a solution. This approach works for smaller organizations and situations when change which organizations are facing does not touch upon strategic problems. Appreciative inquiry approach is more complicated. According to it, it’s necessary to identify the main benefits of the process, all of its advantages, and focus on them. All of the negative sides of the problem have to be neglected for a while. There has to be research made on all the success stories, and actions carried out according to that positive experience. A software developer is experiencing an increasing number of customer complaints and a general trend toward lower sales. Describe three reasons executives in this organization might be slow to realize that a problem exists or to identify the main cause(s) of these symptoms. Give one example from your past experience when something like this occurred and how it was handled. In your opinion, was this handled correctly? How should it have been handled? The main reasons of customer complaints which the managers of the company do not notice are the following: –Â  The need to improve the quality of software because it is not up to date anymore. The company has to make sure all of the requirements which customers have are satisfied by the quality of the products which are being produced. – The need to improve the skills of the employees. The employees have not been trained according to the requirements of the modern software field, therefore they do not offer the high level of service which customers need. Therefore, employees have to go through training programs. – The need to enter new markets, for example networking design where there are fewer competitors. The company needs to expand its activity to different markets because computer software market is too narrow for it. One of the situations which I was witnessing was the restructure of the bank. As more money was invested into it, it could expand its activity to a larger number of operations, and new departments had to be formed in order to make the most efficient structure. However, the new structure turned out inefficient, and management started considering the problem of lower revenues. In order to achieve the best results, the management had to apply appreciative inquiry approach according to which all the leaders of teams had to remember all of the mot successful situations in their teams’ activities. The vision of new departments’ objectives had to be carried out according to the previous successful experience which teams had before. According to the future vision of the departments, all the tasks had to be chosen for employees. In my opinion, the approach of appreciative inquiry would be the most efficient in such a case.

Mr. Doe

* 1. Look over the scope statement (PE Figure 4-1). If you were an employee at Petrie’s Electronics, would you want to work on this project? Why or why not? The project scope statement is to describe a high level overview of the project size, duration, and outcomes as a summary of the baseline project plan (BPP) information. A project scope statement and a baseline project plan are created during project initiation and planning * 2. If you were part of the management team at Petrie’s Electronics, would you approve the project outlined in the scope statement in PE Figure 4-1?What changes, if any, need to be made to the document? * 3. Identify a preliminary set of tangible and intangible costs you think would occur for this project and the system it describes. What intangible benefits do you anticipate for the system? Cost Benefit Analysis Spreadsheet Alternative C Chapter 5 Electronics Case * 1. What do you think are the sources of the information Jim and his team collec ted? How do you think they collected all of that information? * 3. If you were looking for alternative approaches for Petrie’s customer loyalty program, where would you look for information?Where would you start? How would you know when you were done? * 5. Why shouldn’t Petrie’s staff build their own unique system in-house? Chapter 6 Electronics Case * 1. Are the DFDs in PE Figures 6-1 and 6-2 balanced? Show that they are, or are not. If they are not balanced, how can they be fixed? * 5. Why is it important for the team to create DFDs if they are not going to write the actual system code themselves? Chapter 7 Electronics Case * 2. Again, review the DFDs you developed for the Petrie’s Electronics case (or those given to you by your instructor).Use these DFDs to identify the attributes of each of the six entities listed in this case plus any additional entities identified in your answer to Question 1. Write an unambiguous definition for each attribute. Then , redraw PE Figure 7-1 by placing the six (and additional) entities in this case on the diagram along with their associated attributes. * 3. Using your answer to Question 2, designate which attribute or attributes form the identifier for each entity type. Explain why you chose each identifier. * 4.Using your answer to Question 3, draw the relationships between entity types needed by the system. Remember, a relationship is needed only if the system wants data about associated entity instances. Give a meaningful name to each relationship. Specify cardinalities for each relationship and explain how you decided on each minimum and maximum cardinality at each end of each relationship. State any assumptions you made if the Petrie’s Electronics cases you have read so far and the answers to questions in these cases do not provide the evidence to justify the cardinalities you choose.Redraw your final E-R diagram in Microsoft Visio. Chapter 8 Electronics Case * 1. In the questions asso ciated with the Petrie’s Electronics case at the end of Chapter 7, you were asked to modify the E-R diagram given in PE Figure 7-1 to include any other entities and the attributes you identified from the Petrie’s case. Review your answers to these questions, and add any additional needed relations to the document in PE Figure 9-1. * 5. Complete all table and field definitions for the Petrie’s Electronics case database using Microsoft Access.Besides the decisions you have made in answers to the preceding questions, fill in all other field definition parameters for each field of each table. Chapter 10 Electronics Case * 1. Why don’t information systems projects work out as planned? What causes the differences between the plan and reality? * 5. Information systems development projects are said to fail if they are late, go over budget, or do not contain all of the functionality they were designed to have. Is the customer loyalty program a failure? Justify you r answer. If not, how can failure be prevented? Is it important to avert failure? Why or why not? Use Case Diagram (CRM)

The Counterpane Essay Example

The Counterpane Essay Example The Counterpane Essay The Counterpane Essay Essay Topic: Moby Dick The Counterpane: An Objective Perspective on the Relationship Between Ishmael and Queequeg In this essay I will be discussing the queer (peculiar) relationship of two characters from the novel, Moby Dick by Herman Melville. The two characters of focus are Ishmael, the main protagonist, and Queequeg, a harpooner that Ishmael encounters. I will examine the growth of their relationship since their meeting and study their interactions with one another as the story progresses. I will interpret the significance of their behavior using examples of imagery and tone used in the novel. In Moby Dick, by Herman Melville, Ishmael and Queequeg form a strong bond that develops over the course of their adventure. Their relationship is more intense than the average friendship between men. Quotes such as hearts honeymoon and cozy, loving pair suggest a sense of matrimony between them. Ishmael is shown to care for Queequeg a great deal. He became fearful for Queequegs well-being Get the axe! For Gods sake, run for the doctor, some one, while I pry it open! It is also apparent that Ishmael greatly admires Queequeg. He seems to be very interested in his muscular physique, reveling his brawny shoulder. I believe that by analyzing the imagery and tone of the novel, their relationship can be depicted as more than a common friendship. Ishmael and Queequegs relationship is more affectionate and emotional than a common male friendship, this can be seen through specific uses of imagery. At first Ishmael was hesitant to share a bed with the mysterious harpooner, but after much explanation Ishmael found that Queequeg was actually polite and kind man. There is then much less tension as they shared a bed. Ishmael describes how Queequegs arm was thrown over him in the most loving and affectionate anner and how he could have been mistaken for his wife. Thus, then, in our hearts honeymoon, lay I and Queequeg, a cozy, loving pair. This imagery gives the impression of a sort of matrimony between the two of them that is uncommon in men, especially at their age. As the story progresses it becomes apparent that Ishmael cares deeply for Queequeg and his well being. Get the axe! For Gods sake, run for the doctor, someone, while I pry it open! Ishmaels tone of desperation is evidence of genuinely caring about Queequeg. From that hour I clove to Queequeg ike a barnacle, this imagery shows how tightly Ishmael embraced Queequeg after he returned from the sea, having Just saved the bumpkin. watched as Queequeg was revealing his brawny shoulders through the freezing foam, and seemed to ogle the grand and glorious fellow. The descriptiveness of each detail shows how much attention Ishmael was paying to Queequegs muscular physique. When Ishmael refers to him as My brave Queequeg as he dives to rescue a crew member shows his admiration for Queequegs vigilance in the face of danger. Queequeg and Ishmael have grown to trust each other with their lives. l seemed to istinctively perceive that my own individuality was now merged in a Joint stick of two. Ishmaels tone signifies that he understands and accepts that Queequegs life is in hands. . we were bosom friends; he would gladly die for me, if the need should be. This shows Queequeg too, trusted Ishmael enough to put his life on the line for him. Ishmael and Queequeg have grown very close since their first encounter and have continued to support each other. Friendships like these are uncommon among men at their age. Their interactions, along with the tone and imagery of the novel suggest that in the end they are more than Just friends.

Summary and Analysis of Japanese, Korean and China Business Essay

Summary and Analysis of Japanese, Korean and China Business - Essay Example Horizontal KGBs are either ex-Zaibatsu (Mitsubishi, Mitsui), or bank-led (Sanwa, Fuyo). Vertical KGBs are divided into supplier and distribution: the former supply parts and components, whereas the latter operate as a distribution channel. There are also general trading companies (sogo shosha), which specialize in exports and imports and serve relevant intermediaries for foreign trade. Japanese enterprises exhibit and rely on unique management styles. Lifetime employment, seniority wages, and no lay-offs during recession are fairly regarded as the main and most advantageous features of the Japanese management style. Keiretsu companies can easily relocate their workforce from one unit to another, whereas bonuses play a cultural and historical role in profit sharing. As a result, Japan enjoys flexibility of labor compensation and has everything needed to reduce unemployment. Most Japanese enterprises start at the very bottom of the business ladder, gradually expand to become medium and large corporations and, eventually, win the world. Low prices and domestic markets are the two management priorities for start-ups. Management efficiency, technological improvements, huge R&D investments and managerial efficiency are the main drivers of business development in Japan. Lean production systems, division of labor, JIT philosophies, and economies of scale are all important sources of competitiveness. Kaizen is the basic system of quality control in Japan, which works through series of small improvements. Total Quality Control implies that employee participate in quality management. The success of Japanese firms is in (a) cost advantage; (b) long-term planning; (c) financial strategies; and (d) continuous striving to achieve high quality at a low cost. Until the beginning of the 1950s, the system and drivers of Foreign Direct Investments in Japan had been inward-looking and

Saudi Arabia Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Saudi Arabia Paper 1 - Essay Example The use of aid in Saudi Arabia is also discussed, notably that Saudi Arabia does not receive aid but instead provides foreign aid to impoverished Muslim countries. Despite the efforts taken by the Saudi government, there is still criticism due to its religious based aid provision. Finally, the paper also discusses the environmental issues facing the country and the steps taken to mitigate them. It is noted that the main environmental issues are desertification, water depletion and emission of carbon waste from oil production in the country. Despite being one of the world’s strongest economies, Saudi Arabia still bears the mark as having more than three million people living below the poverty line (Burke and Yaghoubian, 2005). Some of the biggest heralds of poverty in the oil-rich country is seen in the urban areas, where a big percentage of the population lives below a dollar a day in income. Currently, the Saudi population lies at more than 28 million people, and it is estimated that more than third of this population lies below the poverty line. One of the biggest social imbalance issues in Saudi Arabia is the fact that the government does not regularly release poverty figures, and the international community is hard pressed to determine the exact count of poor individuals (Burke and Yaghoubian, 2005). It should, however, be pointed out that in the IGAD region, Saudi Arabia still lies better that the other countries in the poverty index. Because of the widening inequality gap between the poor and rich, the gov ernment has been trying to implement measures aimed at reducing both rural and urban poverty. Two of the main programs implemented by the Saudi government aimed at reducing urban poverty are the Free Lands Plots project and the Real Estate Development Fund, both projects aimed at providing land and land development resources

General Electric's Joint Ventures Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

General Electric's Joint Ventures - Case Study Example As opposed to joint ventures where partner companies have significant power in making strategic decisions, acquisitions allow companies to have full control of management and resources (Hill, 2011). The preference for acquisitions by General Electric also resulted to the congruency of this strategy to its business philosophy. However with the changing business environment, the company has shifted to joint ventures as an entry mode into foreign markets. In the recent past, General Electric has preferred joint ventures as a strategy for entry into foreign markets. This is because of the bids for acquisitions have skyrocketed. With the 2008–2009 economic crises, the company would no longer afford risking spending large capital in bidding for acquisitions. As a result, General Electric feared that it could overpay for acquisitions which would cripple its economic position which was already affected by the 2008-2009 economic crisis. In addition, there are many companies with which General Electric would form joint ventures. Through joint ventures companies benefit from local business relationships, local expertise, political contacts and an already established market (Hill, 2011). Even though joint ventures provide an effective way through which companies share business risks, there are other risks associated with this mode of entry. These risks include possible changes in political and legal environment which would act out of favor with foreign companies. Additionally, the power that partner companies have in the process of making strategic positions would be overused. Additionally, the objectives of business partners may not be congruent in a joint venture (Hill, 2011). Furthermore, cultural differences and divergent management styles among partners in joint ventures are risks which would cause failure of success in the partnership. In

Public Policy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Public Policy - Coursework Example Dialectic relationship is defined as the interactive relationship between two entities in which one affects the other in a continuing iterative process. This process influences the strategic knowledge of both actors as well as the structured context, which in turn shapes the agent's future action. The implications are that policy network analysis may not be the foolproof method of policy analysis that it is made out to be. Nonetheless, it is attracting considerable interest in the policy-making arena because it expands the concerns of policy research previously confined to options directly or indirectly related to an issue. Analysis of policy with the use of the policy network concept involves theoretical approaches in a wide range of disciplines that includes political science, sociology, anthropology, international relations and management (Sutton, 1999). By putting political science theories at work, the process looks at policy networks as epistemic communities that can help develop an understanding of the role of various interest groups in the undertaking. The concept of an epistemic community is important, especially in knowledge-based theories, because it can influence four stages of the policy process - policy innovation, diffusion, selection and persistence (Hasenclever, et al., 1997). These epistemic communities are likely to take a strong stand on the policy decisions, and once politicians agree with this position, the latter are expected to invite experts into the circle of power, thus giving such communities an opportunity to have a substantial influence on the policy process (Ibid). From t he sociological viewpoint, policy networks are classified as either corporatist, state-directed, collaborative or pluralist, which essentially differ in their degree of integration. The networks with the greatest level of integration are the so-called "Iron Triangle" coalitions in the US, which are state-directed communities composed of congressional subcommittees, interest groups and government bureaus pursuing a mutually supportive relationship (Dowding, 1995). The level of integration of the other communities depends on the policy area. If the policy area concerns energy issues, the network assumes a corporatist character because it is made up of business groups, while it becomes collaborative if the issues relate to public health because the network will be composed of professional organizations. The network is pluralist in character if the policy under study involves national issues with social, political and economic ramifications. There are two different approaches to policy network analysis developed in UK, one by Rhodes (1997) and the other by Wilk & Wrights (in Dowding, 1995). The Rhodes approach specifically addresses the relations between the central British state and governance in the periphery (Dowding, 1995), thus it looks at the policy network as a cluster or complex of organizations connected to each other by resource dependencies and distinguished from other clusters or complexes by breaks in the structure of these resource dependencies. As for the Wilk & Wrights model, it seeks to explain the complex nature of policy-making in

Nursing Research with Children: Ethical Guidelines

Nursing Research with Children: Ethical Guidelines SUCAN SUTANTO Introduction: Singapore Guideline for Good Clinical Practice (SGGCP) is the primary regulatory document which needs to be observed when conducting trials in Singapore. Last revised in 1999 by Ministry of Health (MOH), the SGCCP regulate conduct of clinical trials in Singapore along with The Medicine (Clinical Trials) Regulations and the Medicine Act. For all research studies involving human subjects or their tissues and organs, MOH made it mandatory that ethics committees are established to provide scientific reviews of their study protocols. The establishment of this committee involved all hospitals, both government and restructured. Thus â€Å"Institutional review boards† (IRB) was born and its guidelines was designed by The Bioethics Advisory Committee (BAC). IRB play a central role as the gateway for ethnics review of â€Å"all Human Biomedical Research carried out under the auspices of its appointing institution† (MOH 2007 p.04). Individual researcher and institutions bear the ultimate ethical responsibility for governing their research. Based on the IRB’s Operational Guidelines (MOH 2007), three fundamental ethical principles; respect for persons, beneficence and justice must be followed in conducting biomedical research involving human. Potentially vulnerable populations must be given special attention. The following sections will examine one of the vulnerable populationchildren. It is primarily challenging for the Ethics committees in assessing pediatric related research as the above principles discussed may conflict with some issues. Vague definitions of principle of equipoise, minimal risk and informed procedures are some contributing factors. The role of ethic committees in evaluation of risk and their impact in pediatric research will be given more focus. Search Strategy PubMed database is primarily used in the search. Combination of keywords are used including of ‘ethics committees’, ‘research’, ‘children’, ‘pediatric’, ‘risk’, ‘ethics’ and ‘assessment’. Children as a population sampling In Singapore, 21 years is the age of majority under the common law. For any individual below the age of 21, Clinical Trial regulation states that parent’s or legal representative’s consent must be obtained for participation in trials. This present an ethical dilemma where the children’s autonomy become their parent or legal guardian, assuming that they have the children’s best interest at heart. The risk-benefit ratio of the research is then left to parents and IRBs to determine. Risk assessment in pediatric research According to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Pediatric Clinic of North America (Laventhal et al., 2012), there are four definable risk in human research. In Singapore, the risk are less definitive, 2012 BAC guidelines describe only â€Å"research involving minimal risk such as surveys† and â€Å"risks involving more than minimal risks such as those involving invasive procedures† The first level is minimal risk and it can be defined as probability and magnitude of physical or psychological harm that is normally encountered in the daily lives or in the routine medical, dental, or psychological examination of healthy children (HHS 2009). Studies in this category can be carried out even if they do not offer any direct benefit to the child although consent of at least one parent and the child assent is necessary. However this definition is rather vague and carries an inherent issue when applied to pediatric patient such as in the hospital. A survey was conducted on review board chair regarding skin biopsy on newborn and there is actually a split opinion and classification on whether it should be classified as â€Å"minimal risk† (Westra et al., 2011). The second level of risk involves a â€Å"minor increase over minimal risk†. Although there might not be direct benefits to the child, such research might be allowed if it has the potential to yield valuable knowledge. Risks are deemed acceptable if they are comparable to the actual or expected condition of the child, medically or physiologically. In this case, both parents’ consent and child’s assent are required (HHS 2009). The third level of risk is defined as â€Å"greater than minimal or even minor increase over minimal risk† with prospect of direct benefit to the child. Whether the potential benefit justifies the risk must be assessed and determined by IRBs (Laventhal et al., 2012). To determine the risk benefit, IRBs uses component analysis approach. Each intervention or procedure must be evaluated separately. For those components that represent greater than minimal risk, further assessment will be done to determine whether it does or does not hold out the prospect of direct benefit to the enrolled child (Roth-Cline et al., 2011). The component analysis method however has been critiqued as it is standardized to the norm of clinical equipoise to determine the ethical acceptability of protocols. Definitively, clinical equipoise works on the principles of genuine uncertainty on the part of the clinical investigator regarding the comparative therapeutic merits of each treatment arm of a clinical trial and that no one should receive an inferior treatment (Roth-Cline et al., 2011). A dilemma might present itself in trials where data collected is sufficient to doubt the clinical equipoise but not necessarily enough to justify scientific conclusion. An example could be seen in a review of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) hypothermia treatment trial published by Laventhal et al in 2012. It was shown in a number of trials involving more than 600 infants that cooling HIE infants core temperature might help to elevate their condition. These randomized controlled trials managed to show overall improvement in mortality and disability outcomes although some adverse side effects were reported. However, Laventhal et al., 2012 pointed out that current evidence might not be adequate to determine the safety of this therapy and its efficacy. Therefore, whether to make this treatment mandatory for such patients remain to be decided. In this case, there is a dilemma on whether to allow more of such trials. On one hand, given that much evidence already supports the treatment, it would seem unethical to even deny the controlled subjects from such a beneficial treatment. On the other hand, just because a robust scientific conclusion has not been drawn, is it fair to continue to expose the infants to treatments with possible adverse outcomes? For those randomized into non treatment a rm, would there be any potential direct benefits? Yet, to answer those questions and to find out long term safety and efficacy questions, the only way might be to conduct more trials. Even within the IRB chairmen there are variations and application of assessment of risk- benefit potential. Shah et al in 2004(Shah et al., 2004) randomly surveyed 175 chairmen in United for certain intervention on children relative to the prospect risk and direct benefit. Results were surprising. In one intervention, an allergy skin testing, 23% considers it a minimal risk, close to half consider it minor increase above minimal risk and the rest as more than a minor increase over minimal risk. In the case of direct benefit for participants, 60% of those surveyed consider added psychological counselling as a direct benefit, while another 10% consider participant payment as a direct benefit. These divides in opinion indicates that the integrity of risk and benefits analysis by IRBs can be challenged. The fourth risk level exists for trials where there is no prospect of direct benefit with more than a minor increase over minimal risk for the child. Such studies could be allowed if they have high potential to produce very important knowledge. Such cases are not under approval of IRBs, instead they are referred to an experts panels under the federal government. (Laventhal et al., 2012). In a review by Wendler and Varma in 2006, they examine 9 studies assessed by IRBs which fall into the fourth level. IRBs classified different levels of harm; negligible, minor, moderate, severe and catastrophic harm relative to the normal probability a healthy child may encounter in day to day situation. Wendler and Varma then assess the proposed interventions for each study and then compare with the classification given by IRBS.They argued that eight of the studies could actually be categorized into minimal risk instead of the fourth level of risk. A primary example was the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) on healthy children. Known possible harms include nausea, bruising and hypoglycemia. Very minimal adverse events were recorded in thousands of pediatric studies involving IVGTT. Only 1 in 3000 risk of hypoglycemia, it can be resolved with carbohydrates or glucose injection. It is therefore arguable that the IVGTT risk much more minimal in comparison to the 30 in 1000 cha nce of â€Å"minor† harm in average children in their daily routines used as a base of the classification. As such, the review shows that misclassification could occur and valuable research time may be delayed unnecessarily. There is a lack of empirical database on risks of ordinary activities for reference and this might be a contributing factor for the misclassification. It forces the IRB members to rely on their own individuals life experiences to determine the perceptions of risk therefore causing biased. To conclude, pediatric studies have been shown to provide an ethical review challenge. In order to improve the risk analysis and reduce bias, empirical data on the risk of research procedures in pediatric studies as well as database on the risk of daily activities should be collected and better established for reference. There should be standardized guidelines for risk analysis with certain flexibility to account for unique feature of each study (1542 words) References: Bioethics Advisory Committee (2004) Research involving human subjects. Guidelines for IRBs. Singapore: BAC. Available from: http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/index/publications/reports/172-research-involving-human-subjects-guidelines-for-irbs.html [Accessed 28th Jan 2015] Bioethics Advisory Committee (2012) Ethics Guidelines for Human Biomedical Research. Singapore: BAC. Available from: http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/images/uploadfile/32914 PM2012-06-20 BAC Ethics Guidelines (for comments) F.pdf [Accessed 28th Jan 2015] Ministry of Health (2007) Governance Framework for Human Biomedical Research. Available from : https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/Publications/Guidelines/Human Biomedical Research/2007/Governance Frwk for HBR_14-12-07_formatted.pdf [accessed 02 March 2015] Department of Health and Human Services (2009). US code of Federal Regulations, USA, FDA, Available from: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/archive/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html#46.404 [Accessed 28th Jan 2015] Fernandez, C. (2008) Ethical Issues in health research in children. Paediatr Child Health 13(8) 707-712 LAVENTHAL, N., TARINI, B. A. LANTOS, J. 2012. Ethical issues in neonatal and pediatric clinical trials. Pediatr Clin North Am, 59, 1205-20. Ministry of Health (2007) Operational Guidelines for Institutional Review Boards. Singapore: MOH Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/Publications/Guidelines/Human Biomedical Research/2007/IRB Operational Guidelines_14-12-07_formatted.pdf [Accessed 28th Jan 2015] ROTH-CLINE, M., GERSON, J., BRIGHT, P., LEE, C. S. NELSON, R. M. 2011. Ethical considerations in conducting pediatric research. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 205, 219-44. SHAH, S., WHITTLE, A., WILFOND, B., GENSLER, G. WENDLER, D. 2004. How do institutional review boards apply the federal risk and benefit standards for pediatric research? Jama, 291, 476-82. Westra AE, Wit, JM; Sukhai, RN. And Beaufort ID. (2011) How to best define the concept of minimal risk. The Journal of Pediatrics 159 (3) 496-500 WENDLER, D. VARMA, S. 2006. Minimal risk in pediatric research. J Pediatr, 149, 855-61. Wendler, D. and Glantz L. (2007). A standard for assessing the risks of pediatric research: pro and con. J Pediatr 150, 579-582

Whitney Ottos How to Make an American Quilt and Norman Macleans A River Runs Through It :: American Quilt Otto River Runs Through Essays

Whitney Otto's How to Make an American Quilt and Norman Maclean's A River Runs Through It Many times when I write it is difficult to locate a general theme, or even a clear and precise point. Too often, my papers seem to deviate from the intentional purpose stated in the introduction. The topic and primary idea need to be effectively introduced at the beginning so that the reader knows what to look for and what to expect. Many times, my writing consists of a solid introduction with a good idea, but it wanes as it nears the ending and the conclusion is not effective so as to remain consistent with the proper sequence of the sentence (2-3-1). The reader of my work must distinguish the most important point of the work, understanding the general theme, while remaining captivated by a consistently interesting paper. If a primary point exists, it needs to be expanded, emphasized, or supported. The work needs to remain interesting and captivating throughout. For the reader to infer my opinion on the subject matter, I must show approval or disapproval of it in some way. The resul ts of this personal critique correlate to 101 Dalmatians, 7th Heaven, How to Make an American Quilt written by Whitney Otto, and A River Runs Through It written by Norman Maclean. Each of these works contains a main point, a theme, and this is expanded, emphasized, or supported throughout the plot. The reader is abruptly introduced to the four texts at the beginning. In A River Runs Through It, Maclean introduces the setting and background of the story more effectively, but he still jumps into the plot by beginning with "In our family, there was no clear line between religion and fly fishing" (1). That first sentence serves as an introduction, yet it is not a typical beginning point. Otto, likewise, begins her novel with instructions; "You need a large wooden frame and enough space to accommodate it" (7). Even though these authors begin their stories by jumping into the plot, the authors do provide sufficient background serving to remove much of the abruptness. The prologues and introductions found in the books explain what is ahead in the plot; much the same way previews and commercials explain the direction of the plot in the television show and movie. The reader and viewer can anticipate the plot and its direction, making the first line a necessary bridge into the story ahea d.

HR Planning for British Airways Essay

Human Resources are one of the most important departments in any organisation. It plays a big role for the company and influences every employee because it is responsible for managing employee costs. However, Human Resources Department also has responsibility for many other tasks including Recruitment and Selection, Training. The most important task that performed by HR Department is Workforce Planning. Basically, Workforce Planning is the process when business needs to make sure that it recruits the right people. The recruitment and selection of best employees might be very hard. First of all, the company has to understand the importance of Human Resources Management and ensure they spend enough capital on each employee. As many companies nowadays failed to do that and can’t survive among its competitors. Human element is the key to potential success and it is what the company should care the most about. If you have the right employees with right skills and they are well motivated then they will perform a good job and will bring the company more profit. British Airways is one of the leading global airlines that I have selected for this assignment. British Airways is aware of the importance of Human Resource Management. Therefore, as the employer they are providing the professional environment for its employees where they can be treated with respect. British Airways also trains and motivates the employees by communicating ethical policies and socially responsible behaviour to them. It makes employees to work more efficiently. There are many external and internal factors that can affect Human Resource Planning and that any organisation should be aware of. The main external factors that affect British airways are political, economic, technological and social. The airline industry is highly affected by political factors. British Airways’ business operation and decisions are influenced by regulations and policies. Regulations can be such as routes that an airline chooses to fly, the business partners the airline works with, the airport slots it uses as well as the fare it sets and the infrastructure costs it pays. Safety and security is another area that is highly regulated by governments. British Airways is engaging with different governing bodies such as European Union and national government to ensure safety and security while causing minimal inconvenience to customers. The airline business is highly sensitive to any economic downturn. There are a number of factors that affected the business of British Airways. For example, prices increases in oil and commodities. Consumer and business confidence on airlines declined because of rising unemployment, uncertainty in the capital markets, the erosion of household budgets and falling house prices. Therefore the customers are likely to cut its costs on holiday and airline tickets which means lower profits for the company. Social factors that affecting HR planning need to be taken in an account by British Airways. Nowadays passengers are choosing trusted airlines, First of all the fall in the economy is also pushing customers to seek for lower prices. With the developing of Internet and other technological advances it is easier for the customers to choose among different airlines and even get personal recommendations online, therefore the customers became less loyal. As every other company nowadays British Airways is also affected by technological factors. Maintaining a corporate website which handles customer queries and reservations is a new requirement for the airlines. British Airways has managed with this task and also the company keeps regularly up to dated with its competitors and technology world. Making customers experience more easier and faster British Airways also uses online self check in and self check in machines at the airports which makes the process much easier for its customers. Like many organizations today, British Airways face several environmental issues such as climate change. Governments and policy makers are now creating regulations and policies that will require airlines to curb emissions growth. All airlines have to meet a comprehensive range of local, national and international environmental regulations As well as there is a number of external factors affecting HR Planning, there are also internal policies and procedures impact HR activities. For example, if the company is committed to promoting from within, HR must ensure employees receive appropriate training and development to be ready for promotion when the time comes. HR should monitor the number of employees eligible for retirement and ensure potential replacements or other staff members are trained to avoid a sudden departure of business

Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps Essay

Socialization can be referred to as the process by where adults and children learn from each other. It is often said that socialization begins at home and this is true because it is the responsibility of the family to teach children from a very early age the norms and values of society. It is the process by which they learn right from wrong. Socialization is done when children follow the footsteps of their parents, teachers or older siblings. Socialization never really stops because all through life, people learn new things and they are never knowledgeable enough to know everything. During this process of socialization children develop a sense of self and become their own person. They become unique and have a distinct personality. Individuals develop their potential and learn culture through this process of socialization. Humans are unlike any other species and they need to learn things and how to survive. It is important for humans to learn their culture for it is a part of who they are. We learn by internalizing which is the process when people take norms values beliefs and language as their own and accept them as their own. Importance of socialization Socialization is important for many reasons: It helps a person become who they really are. It provides the basics for a person to learn about their culture and their way of behavior. Socialization helps people discover their talents and they find out that they are really good at something and they enjoy that. Through socialization children can develop as a person and acquire normal social graces. Children need to feel cared for and loved so when parents take time out for their children and teach them values and norms this helps them to develop properly. Learn ways on how to think talk and actions that are important for social living Is a way by which the society can pass culture along to the next generation We achieve harmony and are able to it into society We develop skills and learn not to always act on instinct It avoids isolation and improper development of children It allows us to develop our potential to develop or maximize skills We develop proper learning Agents of socialization The family is a major agent of socialization. It gives individuals their first experience, earliest and deepest experience to relationships and their exposure to the way of life. The family also teaches their own about the social and physical environment and teaches them to follow it. Children learn from the type of environment that elders create. The family also gives children a social place when it comes to religion race or culture. This makes up the child’s self-concept. The family are the ones responsible to teach children manners, respect and obedience. They cannot allow their children to go to school without teaching them how to talk to older people with respect or how to obey when told to do something. The school also plays a role in the socialization of children. The school is a port way for children to learn about their ancestors and to teach them of the way people behaved in the older times compared to the way they behave now. They learn how society is connected to race and gender. The school is their first experience to bureaucracy. This means that the school prepares them for the future because it runs on a time schedule and is governed by rules. This is helpful because it prepares them for when they get a job. It is also proven that schools mold children into gender roles. School also open opportunities or children to join peer groups in which they meet people with similar interests or talents. The mass media is also an agent of socialization. The mass media provides a vast amount of information to a huge audience at the same time. It is proven to have a great impact on the behavior and attitude of children. The media is also a port way for people to learn about different cultures and to meet people of different race and ethnicity. The media can inspire people to achieve access and to follow their dreams. Children will view successful people on the television and aspire to be like them. This is a good thing because children will have ambition. Theories on socialization George Herbert Mead: He developed a theory on social behaviorism. It explained how a person’s personality can be affected by social experience. He saw the power that environment had when it came to shaping behavior. He studied inward thinking. His main concept was self. He described this as the part of a person’s personality composed of self- awareness and self- image. He considered that self only develops when people interact with others. He said that humans care what others think of them and that is what they think of themselves as well. Lawrence Kohlberg: He studied how people distinguish between right and wrong. At an early age for children, they think that whatever feel good to them is right. Another aspect of his is that teenagers in the adolescent stage lose their selfishness and learn to act according to what parents tell them and by the rules of their school. He also said that individuals learn not to argue with what is legal or right. Jean Piaget: he studied human cognition. This refers to how people think. He wondered how children made sense of the world. He described the way children made their way through life based on what they thought of it. Piaget believed that biological maturation and increasing social experience was reflected by human behavior. He stated four stages of cognitive development which included sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Sigmund Freud: He studied mental disorder and personality. He believed that biology played a major role in the way people develop. He said that the human personality had three parts which include: The id which represents the innate human drives, this would be the human life and death instincts, the ego which refers to the internalized cultural values and norms and the ego which he considered resolved the competition between the restraints of the superego and the demands of the id. . Family Basic Concepts Family is a group of people who are closely related to each other by blood, adaption or marriage. The family is considered the basic unit of society. A family is considered to be the people who will always be there for you, no matter the situation you are involved in. Whenever in need of something the first place you run to is home. You are confident that there you can be safe and that there will be the people you can depend on. The family is the group of people who play a significant role in an individual’s life. Bonds within a family are considered kinship. Within every society there are families, however the views of people and whom they consider to be their family may vary depending on historical changes and culture. Family of orientation refers to when individuals are born into a family that includes parents and siblings living together. This plays an important role in socialization. A family of procreation is when adults decide to start their own family either naturally or through adaption. Marriage is an important aspect when considering starting a family. Marriage is a legal union between two people who commit to each other and this involves economic cooperation, sexual activity and childbearing. Children born out of marriage are considered to be illegitimate. Global Variations Types of families: Extended family: Is a family that includes more than three generations living in the same household. Everyone is connected by blood. Nuclear family: A family that includes a mother, father and their children living under the same roof. Sibling household: This is a family that an older brother or sister is the one in charge of the rest of children. They are required to be the parents and take care of the younger ones. Reconstituted family: This is a family type formed by the combination of two single- parent families. Single- parent family: Is a family type that involves one parent taking care of the household. Marriage patterns This refers to the way in which individuals are required to marry: Endogamy: This refers to marriage between people of the same social category. This limits marriage prospects to other people of the same gender, social class or race. Exogamy: This is when people of different social class get married. This type of marriage promotes cultural diffusion and builds alliances. Monogamy: This is marriage between two people. Polygamy: This is a type of marriage that unites two or more people. Polygyny: This refers to marriage of one man to two or more women. Polyandry: This refers to marriage of one woman to two or more men. Residential Patterns This talks about where a couple resides after being married: Patrilocality: This pattern refers to when the married couple lives with or close to the husband’s parents or family. Matrilocality: This is when the married couple lives close by or with the wife’s family. Neolocality: This refers to when the married couple live in a new place away from any side of their families. Patterns of Decent This refers to a system families used to trace their kinship over generations. Patrilineal descent: This is when individuals trace their kinship through men. This is when sons are the ones who inherit or get property passed on to them by their fathers. Matrilineal descent: This is a system used to trace kinship through women. This is when mothers pass on property or inheritance to their daughters. Bilateral Descent: in order to promote gender equality, this system traces kinship through both men and women. Theoretical Analysis of the Family Functions of the family Structural and functional analysis: Socialization: The teaching of right from wrong to children. Regulation of sexual activity: Every culture tries to regulate sexual activity in order to maintain property rights and kinship organization. Social Placement: Families try to maintain social organization in order to confer their social identity. Material, emotional and financial security: Families provide financial assistance, physical protection and emotional support. Inequality and the family: Social- Conflict analysis Property and Inheritance: Identifying heirs in order to transmit property. Patriarchy: This is how men own women as their sexual and economic property. Racial and ethnic inequality: Families promote people marry others like themselves. Stages of Family Life This is the way how a family evolves. Courtship: Is when partners get to know each other and see if they are compatible. Settling in: This involves romantic love where partners fall in love with each other and usually plan to marry or not. Child rearing: This is the raising of children on the right path showing them love and kindness. The family in later life: This is when people stay married but for the final years of their marriage they return to living with only one spouse. Transitions and problems in family They are many things that break up the family: Divorce is the dissolution of a marriage. Causes: Individualism is on the rise: This is when family members stop spending as much time with each other. Romantic love often subsides: When sexual passion fades this is when relationships fade. Women are now less dependent on men: Women leave unhappy marriages because wives are now not financially dependent on husbands. Many of today’s marriages are stressful: Most families face the problem of not having enough time or energy for family. Divorce is socially acceptable: Divorce is no longer being discouraged. Legally, a divorce is easier to get: Now divorces are easy to get as long as the couple says the marriage has fail. References Macionis John J., Sociology- (13th Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009